Definition and Examples of Telicity in English Grammar

In linguistics, telicity is the aspectual property of a verb phrase (or of the sentence as a whole) which indicates that an action or event has a clear endpoint. Also known as aspectual boundedness. A verb phrase presented as having an endpoint is said to be telic. In contrast, a verb phrase that is not presented as having an endpoint is said to be atelic. See Examples and Observations below. Also see: AspectGrammaticalizationTransitivity EtymologyFrom the Greek, end, goal Examples and Observations Telic verbs include fall, kick, and make (something). These verbs contrast with atelic verbs, where the event has no such natural end-point, as with play (in such a context as the children are playing). —David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 4th ed. Blackwell, 1997 Testing for TelicityOne reliable test to distinguish between telic and atelic verb phrases is to try using the gerund form of the verb phrase as direct object of complete or finish, which refer to the natural point of completion of an action. Only telic verb phrases can be used in this way. . . . [What did you do last night?] - I finished {repairing the roof / *repairing}. (Repair the roof is a telic VP while repair is atelic.)It was 11:30 p.m. when I completed {writing the report / *writing}. (Write the report is a telic VP while write is atelic.)He {stopped / *finished / *completed} being their leader in 1988. (Be their leader is an atelic VP.) Unlike finish and complete, the verb stop refers to an arbitrary endpoint. It can therefore be followed by an atelic verb phrase. If it is followed by a telic one, stop is by implicature interpreted as referring to a provisional endpoint preceding the natural point of completion: I stopped reading the book at five. (implicates that I had not finished reading the book when I stopped reading it) (Renaat Declerck in cooperation with Susan Reed and Bert Cappelle, The Grammar of the English Tense System: A Comprehensive Analysis. Mouton de Gruyter, 2006) Verb Meaning and Telicity Because telicity is so dependent on clausal elements besides the verb, it could be debated whether it is represented in verb meaning at all. In order to explore that debate, lets start by comparing watch and eat. Examples (35) and (36) provide a minimal pair, in that the only element that differs in the two sentences is the verb. (35) I watched a fish. [Atelic-Activity](36) I ate a fish. [Telic-Accomplishment] Since the sentence with watch is atelic and the sentence with eat is telic, it seems we must conclude that the verb is responsible for the (a)telicity of the sentence in these cases, and that watch is by its nature atelic. However, that easy conclusion is complicated by the fact that telic situations can also be described with watch: (37) I watched a film. [Telic-Accomplishment] The key to whether each of these situations is telic or not is in the second argument--the verbs object. In the atelic watch example (35) and the telic eat example (36), the arguments look identical. Go a little deeper, however, and the arguments do not seem so similar. When one eats a fish, one eats its physical body. When one watches a fish, it is more than the physical body of the fish that is relevant--one watches a fish doing something, even if all it is doing is existing. That is, when one watches, one watches not a thing, but a situation. If the situation that is watched is telic (e.g. the playing of a film), then so is the watching situation. If the watched situation is not telic (e.g. the existence of a fish), then neither is the watching situation. So, we cannot conclude that watch itself is telic or atelic, but we can conclude that the semantics of watch tell us that it has situation argument, and the the watching activity is coextensive with . . . the arguments situation. . . .Many verbs are like this—their telicity is directly influenced by the boundedness or telicity of their arguments, and so we must conclude that those verbs themselves are unspecified for telicity. —M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning. Cambridge University Press, 2010 Telicity in the strict sense clearly is an aspectual property which is not purely or even primarily lexical. —Rochelle Lieber, Morphology and Lexical Semantics. Cambridge University Press, 2004

Evaluation Of A Good Argument - 1394 Words

7.3 – Neutralization of the fallacy: In paragraph 4 the author has violated the sufficiency criterion of a good argument. The author has violates the sufficiency criteria by committing the fallacy of false analogy. In paragraph 4 the author states, â€Å"In the mid 1940s – before publicly funded healthcare – my grand parents sold their car to pay the hospital bill related to my father’s birth, so â€Å"purchasing† the birth of a child is nothing new.† This is a wrong analogy. Just because you pay for hospital bill and cloning, does not make them the same. In one situation, two persons life is preserved, and in the other a person’s life is changed. The author could have avoided this fallacy by not comparing these two totally different situations at all or giving an analogy that has the same situation as human cloning. 7.4 – Positive Critique: In the fifth paragraph the author argues that the paternal and maternal linages are not the most important thing as what we identify ourselves with us humans, which is quite convincing. 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Music Appreciation Renaissance Period Assessment Flashcard Example For Students

Music Appreciation Renaissance Period Assessment Flashcard The following excerpt is an example of Renaissance a cappella choral music. (player 7:19) False Two important composers from the Renaissance period were: Desprez and Palestrina Despite advances in other areas, Renaissance harmony and polyphony remained restricted to the music rules that governed most of the Medieval period. False Which of the following is a composition for the vihuela? (player 1:58) Example B The following excerpt features characteristics of polyphonic texture. (player 1:38) True The following excerpt has smooth melodies that imitate one another on entrances. (player 3:42) False Which of the following events occurred in America during the time period known as the Renaissance? Columbus discovered The New World. The following composition, featuring 40 voices, was written by: (player 12:15) Thomas Tallis This instrument, which was very popular during the Renaissance, is called a: Lute According to the text, the Renaissance period was known as: The Golden Age of Choral Music The following example is played on an instrument that was very popular during the Renaissance. That instrument is the: (player :37) Lute Which of the following was NOT a popular form during the Renaissance period? Plainsong The following excerpt is an example of Renaissance a cappella choral music. (player 3:13) True Venit ad Petrum was often used as the cantus firmus for the mass. True The following example was composed by a musician whose career exemplifies the dominance of composers from Northern France and the Netherlands during the Renaissance. (player 5:37) Josquin Desprez Renaissance artists didnt really care very much if their works appealed to the public at large; they were more concerned about the purity of their music. False Concentration on vocal music during the Renaissance period meant that instrumental music continued to be used as mere accompaniment for voices. False This is an excerpt from a: (player :25) Madrigal This example is: (player :25) From a Renaissance composition having its roots in folk songs One difference between a Renaissance Mass and a motet is: A Mass is always based on a specific text that is part of the liturgy of a given day. The composer of this selection is: (player 10:26) Jacob Obrecht The Renaissance was the Golden Age of: Choral composition for small ensembles What element of the musical style of the following piece indicates that it is from the Renaissance period rather than the Medieval period? (player :27) It features imitation that goes through all the voices The Renaissance period saw inventions and developments that: Changed the physical and intellectual landscape of Europe. Which time period is generally considered the Renaissance period? 1450 1600 During the Renaissance, what was the name composers gave to the original chant used as the basis for the main melody in a composition? Cantus firmus The following excerpt features characteristics of polyphonic texture. (player 4:32) False The following excerpt has smooth melodies that imitate one another on entrances. (player 5:37) True Which of the following selections is an example of a Renaissance consort? (player 1:30) Excerpt D The Renaissance madrigal was a sacred music form used to convey the meanings behind the poems on which they were based. False Which of the following is not part of the Ordinary of the Catholic Mass? Alleluia The Renaissance may be described as an age in which: Individualism, humanism, and secular values started to flourish once again.

The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate Essay Example For Students

The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate Essay The Functions and History of the Roman SenateIn todays modern world representative government is the norm. Nearly all governments are ruled by their citizens via a republic or some other type of governing body. However, in the ancient world, this standard of democratic government had not yet taken hold; political control still belonged to the few elite, rich, and powerful persons and influential families. Thus, we have a contrast between governments of the ancient world and our modern day governments. In other words, the past generally denotes monarchy, empire, or absolute control. While modern government usually implies republic, voting, or democratic control. However, an analysis of Roman government reveals that it does not exactly fit purely into either mold of government. It was a mixture of many elements, democratic, monarchial, and aristocratic. The purpose of this report will be to provide a general overview of the structure, power, and function of one component of the Roman g overnment- that is, the Roman Senate. Also, this paper will serve to provide a historical context for the Senate, including both the origins and demise of this governmental body and will discuss the issues of class conflict as it related to the Senates power and jurisdiction. We will write a custom essay on The Functions And History Of The Roman Senate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were three main components of the Roman Republic. The first of which represents the monarchial element surviving from when Rome had a king (this will be discussed in greater length and detail below). Two magistrates or consuls had ultimate civil and military authority. The two consuls held their office for one year (they were elected by Roman citizens) and then after their term had expired, entered the Senate for life. Each consul could veto the actions of the other, thus serving as a check for one individual gaining too much political power and therefore prevented (at least temporarily) the Republic from being undermined by a potential dictator. Their primary duties included leading the army, serving as judges, and having ceremonial religious duties. The next governmental institution, which represented the democratic element of the Roman Republic, are the Assemblies. These Assemblies were theoretically made up of all adult male Romans (the only exception is that they had to be present at the meetings). Their primary functions were the annual elections of consuls, approving or rejecting laws, and deciding issues of war and peace. One great flaw of this body was that the wealthier citizens voted first and thereby had a great influence on how the rest of the Assembly voted. Finally, we come to the focus of this report, that is, the Roman Senate. The Senate represented the aristocratic and elitist element of Roman government and was a collection of patrician citizens (the patrician/plebian conflict will be described in more depth later) who served as the legislative branch of the government as well as an advisory body. In the beginning of the Republic, the Senate contained 300 members, the members themselves were chosen from the patrician class, ex-consuls, and other officers who served for life. By the time that Julius Caesar gained power, the Senate’s membership had increased to nearly 800 people. Despite having a mostly advisory role, by the 3rd Century BC the Senate had been able to increase its influence and power. Some of the powers that it gained were that it prepared legislation to be put before the Assembly, it administered finances, dealt for foreign affairs, and supervised the official state religions. However, despite its increase in p ower, the Senate did not have the power to make laws, by only issue decrees known as Decreta or Senatus Consulta, which basically served as official recommendations and while they carried some weight, they still had no actual binding and legal authority. Another interesting aspect of the Roman Senate was that Senators received no pay for their services as government officials. During the republic, the most important activity for the small group of patrician families that controlled the Senate was the pursuit of political power for themselves, their family, and friends. A senator was expected to greet everyone warmly and by name, and was actually assisted by a slave called a nomenclator whose duty it was to memorize names and help identify people. .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .postImageUrl , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:hover , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:visited , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:active { border:0!important; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:active , .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9 .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8c3b4a353dc6c81afdc545087f1c87b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Modern Macbeth EssayMeetings of the Senate were attended by the Senators themselves and magistrates (the consul for example) only. However, the public could gather by the open doors of the Senate. The meetings took place in the Curia Hostilia in the northwest corner of the Forum, but they could take place at any public place within the city limits of Rome. Senators sat on benches known as subselli, which ran down the long sides of the building, in no fixed order. The Senate met daily, and Senators were allowed to address the Senate on matters pertaining to state or foreign affairs. In fact, a main activity of the Senate was the debate of issues and many of the early sena tors were great orators and we have their words preserved for us today by contemporary historians. Cato the Censor, Cicero, and others sometimes swayed the opinion of the entire population of Rome with their fine rhetoric and persuasive arguments. The history of the Roman Senate goes back to before there was an accurate written history for Rome. The Senate was composed of leading citizens who were members of the original aristocratic families in the old Monarchy. The original purpose of this group was to advise the King. This worked well during the first two centuries of Rome’s existence when Rome was little more than a city-state built on seven hills and ruled by a king. The Senate originally had one hundred members chosen from amongst the Patrician class but the early kings soon increased its size to three hundred members. After the expulsion of the last king, Tarquinius Superbus, in 509 BC the Senate formed the main governing body of the Roman Republic. The two consuls, who took the place of the old monarchy, used the Senate as their official advisors and aristocratic (Plebian) supporters. This is the beginning of the Republic, and hence, Senatorial power and domination of the Roman GovernmentThe next series of event s that proved to be historically important regarding the Roman Senate occurred during 133 and 27 BC. During this time, the Republic was engaged in a constant series of civil wars, making up what many refer to as the Roman Revolution. Part of the reason for this was because during the Punic and Macedonian wars of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC Rome had annexed Spain, Macedonia, Greece, the East, and North Africa. Thus Rome had come to control a vast empire and the Republic with its two consuls, Senate, and small group of magistrates was not an adequate government for an empire of the size. In other words the Roman Republic was a form of government that worked well with a city-state or even a group of powerful city-states in control of a region, not a good government for maintaining a large empire (for this and because of this the empire would eventually rise)By 133 BC Roman politics had become extremely divided around two different factions in the Senate. The first group was the suppor ters of the aristocracy, the patricians, who supported the wealthy senatorial class. The other group trying to get political power was interested in the interest of the plebeians and known as the Populares. The Populares demanded the redistribution of land to peasants as well as a reform of the voting procedure. The struggle between these two factions resulted in civil war when the Senate ordered the assassination of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC. Gracchus had been elected as a high ranking magistrate and had proposed a law that would divide the land and give it to the plebian citizens of Rome. The Senate, looking out for the interests of the patricians, stopped such a law from being passed and killed Gracchus and 300 of his followers. Following this incident, Gaius Gracchus, Tiberius’ brother took up the cause that his brother had fought for. He demanded that the Senate’s power should be lessened, the military pay rates should be increased, and give free grain to the ci tizens of Rome. The Senate would not even consider such action so they declared martial law. Because of this, riots broke out and 3000 Populares, along with Gaius, were killed. From this point on, the corruption of the Senate was obvious and the respect of the Senate by the citizens severely declined. This was the first blow to the Senate that would eventually bring about the end of the Republic. .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .postImageUrl , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:hover , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:visited , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:active { border:0!important; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:active , .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18 .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50c954f222403fced25c80434f21ea18:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Neanderthal EssayThe early years of the 1st BC the long period of civil war that began with the struggle mentioned above reached a climax with Octavian’s defeat of Marcus Antonius at the Battle of Actium in 31 B. C. During that period, the Senate steadily lost power to the imperators, or generals of large Roman armies who controlled the government. In 27 B. C., the Senate voluntarily gave much of its power to Octavian, whom they had given the title of Augustus Caesar. While most of the early emperors tried to involve the Senate in the governing process and actively sought its counsel, most of the Senate’s real power was gone by the reign of Tiberius. Thus, th e Battle of Actium marketed the end of the Roman Republic and consequently, the end of the Roman Senate’s power. Rome is said to have had at one point during its history a republic, this is true, but it was definitely a limited one. For example, in theory, all citizens of Rome could vote for the Senators and serve in the Assembly. However, all citizens does not imply all people. Far from this democratic-sounding system, the only people considered to be full citizens were everyone in Rome with the exception of women, slaves, foreigners, those living in the provinces, and the plebeians. Obviously, this was an incredible portion of the population that was not technically citizens, and thus, a huge segment of the population deprived of political rights or representation. Despite the inherent un-democratic system present in Republican Rome, one cannot say that its contributions to our modern ideas of democracy were insignificant. Quite to the contrary, examples of the Roman Senate’s influence can be found right here in our own government. For example the upper house in our legislative branch is called the ‘senate’, our republic was also established by a constitution (as was the Roman’s), the president (our modern ‘consuls’) is also advised by and is subject to our own senate, and America’s founding fathers drew extensively on Roman theories and models of government when deciding how to establish our present system. The ancient Roman Senate’s connection to the modern world is obvious, and its modern day significance is as well. The influence of the Roman Senate is just one example of how the ancient Roman’s society has affected nearly all spheres of modern life. Government Essays